Wednesday, January 19, 2011

A second look at figs and mulberries

In our book on Flora of the Santa Ana River we gave special attention to the two very different appearing fruits, which in reality are closely related.
Here is the direct quotation (see page 186):
An amazing morphological transformation in this family (Moraceae) is the jump from the mulberry to a fig. Mulberry has a crowded bunch of flowers on a single short stem, each flower producing a single drupelet, a single seed with a hard coat surrounded by fleshy tissue, which in the aggregate fruit is the mulberry. (During the evolution drupelet has appeared as a way to disperse the seed: fleshy fruit was eaten by animals, but hard coated seeds were not digested and dispersed with the feces.) Fig flowers occur on the inner surface of the synconium, which is the name for the unique form of fig fruits. One way to envision how these two relate is a s follows: imagine someone wearing a sleeveless, turtleneck sweater to which dozens of little balloons are attached all around. This represents a mulberry. When the sweater is pulled off overhead by turning it inside out, the little balloons end up inside. This represents the fig. The shirt draws inward and tightens to form a small opening as would be seen at the tip of the fig (operculum). The hole for the head becomes the stem of the fruit. Dorstenia, a tropical American plant, is an intermediate in form between mulberry and fig.